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Apologia Advanced Biology Module 14

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  • What is compliance?
    the ease with which the lungs inflate
  • Name the 4 of the 6 factors that increase the efficiency of external respiration and one condition that compromises each.
    surface area of alveoli, surface area of RBCs, thin respiratory membrane, residual capacity, controlled relationship ventilation/blood flow, narrow cappilaries
  • What is ventilation?
    : The process of getting air into the lungs and back out
  • What is functional residual capacity?
    air left in the lungs after normal expiration
  • Where in the circulatory system is the partial pressure of CO2 the highest?
    Anywhere after picking of CO2 from the tissues
  • If the air we breath has a partial pressure of N2 of 562mmHg, a partial pressure of oxygen of 152mmHgand a partial pressure of CO2 of 0.3mmHg. What does that say about the relative amounts of oxygen and nitrogen and carbon dioxide?
    There is almost 4 times as much nitrogen in the air than oxygen, and 500 time more oxygen than carbon dioxide.
  • What is the basement membrane
    a thin, delicate membrane of protein fibers and glycosaminoglycans "The epithelial cells secrete this “glue,” which is called the basement membrane"
  • What is the Hering-Breuer reflex?
    stretch receptors in the bronchioles send action potentials to the medulla oblongata, to make sure you don't overstretch your lungs and tear tissues
  • What muscles are used for forced inspiration
    sternocleidomastoid, scalene, pectoralis minor (diaphragm and intercostals)
  • What are f, g, h, i, and j?
    f. 2 NADH g. 2 acetyl coenzyme-A h. oxaloacetic acid, i. 6 NAD+ j. 2 FADH2
  • Where are the respiratory control centers that give you your automatic rhythm for breathing?
    In the medulla oblongata and the pons
  • What is the upper respiratory tract?
    contains the (e)nasal cavity, (d)uvula and (f)Pharynx (para nasal sinuses)
  • What is a pneumothorax?
    also known as a collapsed lung, occurs when air leaks into the space around your lungs, called the pleural space.
  • What is total lung capacity?
    max volume of air lungs can contain
  • What is External respiration?
    The process of O2 and CO2 exchange between the alveoli and the blood
  • What does it mean to aspirate something?
    breathe (something) in; inhale. To take in by suction.
  • What does partial gas pressure mean?
    It is basically shows concentration of the gas
  • What are the Muscles of Principle inspiration?
    diaphragm, external intercostals
  • What is the Plural cavity?
    the space between the visceral pleura on the lungs and the parietal pleura on the inner chest wall.
  • what are a, b, c, d and e
    a. 2 ATP b. 2 NADH c. 4 ATP d. 2 pyruvate e. 2CO2
  • What causes air to enter your lungs when you "inhale" and leave your lungs when you exhale?
    When you inhale, you create a vacuum inside your lungs by lowing the pressure. When you exhale, you increase the air pressure.
  • What is surfactant?
    a molecule with a hydrophilic end and a hydrophobic end. compounds that lower the surface tension
  • What are k, l, m, n, o?
    k. 1 ATP, l. 4.CO2, m. 2H+ n. H+ o. 2e-
  • What is residual volume?
    air left after forceful expiration
  • What happens during normal expiration?
    the principal inspiration muscles relax.
  • What is Tidal volume ?
    volume inspired during normal breathing
  • What are p, q, r and s?
    p. e-, q. 32 ATP, r. 2 H+, s. H2O
  • where in the circulatory system is the partial pressure of O2 highest ?
    just before the blood exits the lungs
  • What can the respiratory system do to raise the pH of blood?
    Exhaling CO2
  • What is the lower respiratory tract? identify them.
    the part of the respiratory system containing the (g)larynx, (h)trachea, (i)bronchi, and lungs
  • What is Internal respiration?
    the process of O2 and CO2 exchange between the cells and the blood
  • Where does Glycolysis take place?
    In the cytosol, which is the fluid part of the cytoplasm.
  • What is a Pneumothorax? What can cause it?
    : Air in the plural cavity that leads to a collapsed lung. A wound causing an opening to the outside(stab), or a wound in the lung.
  • Fill in the image
    Glycolosis: 2 ATP, Oxidation of Pyruvate: 2 CO2, Krebs Cyscle: 4 CO2 and 2 ATP, Electron transport chain: 6 H2O, 32 ATP
  • normal arterial partial pressure of O2 is 80-100mmHg. Where would you find a partial pressure of O2 to be 50mmHg?
    Anywhere after delivering O2 to the tissues
  • What do they use surfactant for and why?
    Infant respiratory distress syndrome. Reduces the surface tension in the alveoli (surface tension causes the alveoli surfaces to stick together
  • What are the muscles of forced expiration?
    abdominal muscles, internal intercostals
  • What is an Embolus?
    a blood clot, air bubble, piece of fatty deposit, or other object that has been carried in the bloodstream to lodge in a vessel and cause an embolism.(amniotic)
  • What is Emphysema?
    : a condition in which the air sacs of the lungs are damaged and enlarged, causing breathlessness and the connective tissue becomes stiff
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