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Past Modals

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  • A: It was a complicated situation, I didn't know what to do. B: It's blatantly obvious - first thing you _______ done is call the cops!
    should have
  • A: I did the exercise you asked us to do. B: Well done, but you __________ bothered. It was the wrong exercise.
    needn't have
  • A: I read all the books on the list. B: You _________ - it wasn't necessary at all! We only had to read the first two.
    needn't have
  • A: I can't remember my password! But I _____ written it in my notebook as sometimes I do that.
    may/might/could have
  • A: I don't think he remembers me. B: Come on, he _________ forgotten you already! He only met you last week!
    can't have
  • A: I wanted to ask my teacher a question but he petrified me, so in the end I ________.
    dared not to ask
  • A: I didn’t have the courage/ I _______ to go rock climbing and now I regret it.
    dared not
  • A: Did you see my holiday photos? B: I did! It _________ been a lot of fun, judging by the big smiles.
    must have
  • A: Aren't you cold? B: Freezing! I didn't know it would rain, I _______ brought a jacket.
    should/ought to have
  • A: Jenny seemed upset on the phone last week. B: She had a cold. It’s quite possible/She ______ still felt really ill.
    might/may have 
  • A: I can’t believe Eddie didn’t give me/ Eddie ______ given  me a lift! I take him to work every day. Very annoying!
    might/could have given
  • A: She _____ cleaned the whole house on her own in two hours. She must have had some help
    can't/couldn't have
  • A: Where's Clare? Her bag's here and her computer's still on so she _____ gone home.
    must have
  • A: Phil flew back from holiday yesterday. B: That’s impossible/He ________. There was a strike at the airport.
    can't/couldn't have