Describe the major types of anabolism and their relationship to catabolism.
Carbs, lipids, protiens nucleotides being built up by anabolism- catabolism is the breakdown of chemicals to provide energy and building blocks for anabolism.
Compare and contrast cyclic and noncyclic photophosphorylation
they are both light dependent, have ETC; cyclic-only P1 is used, no H2O splitting, E- come from Light, non-cyclic makes O2, ATP, by spitting H2O and chemiosmosi
How are oxidative phosphorylation and photophosphorylation similar?
a membrane associated electron transport chain. creation of a proton gradient. harvesting energy of the proton gradient by making ATP with ATP synthase
List the factors that influence enzymatic activity.
temperature, pH, enzyme concentration, substrate concentration, and the presence of any inhibitors or activators.
How do photoheterotrophs produce energy
use light as an energy source and an organic compound for their carbon source and electron donor.
What is feedback inhibition?
metabolic control in which the end product of a metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within that pathway
List four compounds that can be made from pyruvic acid by an organism that uses fermentation.
What is made during the light-dependent reactions?
energy from the sun and break down water molecules to produce ATP and NADPH Each water molecule breaks down into two hydrogen (H) atoms and one oxygen (O) atom.
Identify the components of an enzyme.
enzymes consist of a protein portion called the apoenzyme, and a non-protein portion called a co factor.
What is a ribozyme?
enzymatic RNA molecules that cut and splice RNA in eukaryotic cells.
List and provide examples of three types of phosphorylation reactions that generate ATP.
oxidative phosphorylation- electron transport chain, photophosphorylation- photosynthesis, substrate level phosphorylation- glycolysis, Krebs cycle
How do photoautotrophs produce energy
use light as energy source fixed carbon from CO2 via the Calvin-Benson cycle
What do chemoautotrophs use as their energy source
use inorganic compounds as their energy source and carbon dioxide as their carbon source.
Describe the chemiosmotic model for ATP generation.
oxidated protons (H+) build up the proton motive force that turns ATP synthase like a turbine which pulls H+ through and phosphorylates ADP(+P) to ATP
Distinguish catabolism from anabolism.
anabolism is the building up of molecules, releases H2O, endergonic; catabolism breaks down molecules, uses H2O(hydrolytic), exergonic
Distinguish competitive and noncompetitive inhibition.
competitive-binds to active site competing with substrate, reducing rate of rxn, non-Prevent substrate from bonding by changing the shape of all active sites
What are amphibolic pathways
Amphibolic pathway are metabloc pathways that function in BOTH catabolic and anabolic
Describe the mechanism of enzymatic action.
enzyme attracts substrates to its active site, catalyzes the chemical reaction by which products are formed, and then allows the products to dissociate
What does a cell need to produce energy
an electron donor (organic or inorganic), a system of electron carriers, and a final electron acceptor (organic or inorganic)
Almost all medically important microbes belong to which of the four groups (photoautotrophs, photoheterotrophs, chemoautotrophs, chemoheterotrophs)?
chemoheterotrophs
What do chemoheterotrophs use as their energy source
use complex organic molecules as their carbon and energy sources.
What are the end-products of lipid and protein catabolism?
glycerol, fatty acid, acetyl coa, amino acids
How is ATP an intermediate between catabolism and anabolism?
Catabolic reactions are coupled to produce energy to attach a phosphate to ADP and make ATP. anabolic reactions require the energy from the ATP's phosphate bond
Is feedback inhibition competitive or non competitive?
noncompetitive Because the active site is not used for attachment of the inhibitor. The inhibitor instead attaches to the allosteric site
What is the purpose of metabolic pathways?
chemical reactions in a cell that build and breakdown molecules for cellular processes;maintain cells energy balance
Compare and contrast the light-dependent and light-independent reactions of photosynthesis.
light dependent-When H2O is oxidized-O2 produced, H2S is oxidized, S granules produced, ETC. Light-independent-CO2 is used to synthesized to make sugars
What are the principal products of the Krebs cycle?
Net - per 2 acetyl CoA- 4 CO2, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP are by substrate- level phosphorylation
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