What is a positive control?
a control group where you expect a certain result to happen
What are some differences between light-dependent and light-independent reactions?
LD- use water and light to produce ATP and NADPH; LI- use energy stored in ATP and NADPH to make glucose
Which two substances produced in the light-dependent reactions provide energy for the light-independent reactions?
ATP and NADPH
If there is an inhibitor on one of the enzymes in the glycolysis pathway, what will happen?
the substrate that it is supposed to break down will accumulate in the cell
When looking at a graph how would you know that the rate of something is stabilized (equal)?
a straight line
What is chemiosmosis? What provides the energy for this to happen in cellular respiration?
the diffusion of ions through a membrane; electrons flowing through the ETC
When is oxygen released during oxidation-reduction reactions?
light dependent reactions in photosynthesis
If your data consists of pH changing over time, what kind of graph would be most appropriate to use?
line graph
Explain where the oxygen comes from in photosynthesis.
Water is split by light, removing electrons and protons, and oxygen is released as a by-product
When is the most ATP formed during cellular respiration? The net movement of what causes this to happen..
ETC and ATP synthase; H+(protons) move down the concentration gradient
How do you know when there is statistical difference in data?
when there is no overlap in the data (+-2SEx) - looking at error bars on a graph
Germination in seeds would be increased by the exposure to ____.
light, more water, higher temperatures, more carbon dioxide
Acetyl-CoA is further metabolized in what part of cellular respiration?
Krebs Cycle (citric acid cycle)
What can be measured to calculate the rate of photosynthesis?
oxygen production
What are the functions of NAD+ and FAD in cellular respiration?
accepting electrons during the oxidation-reduction reactions
What is a dependent variable? Give an example from one of our labs in this unit.
what is measured or observed in an experiment (amount of O2 production, amount of CO2 production)
What is required during photosynthesis to energize electrons to be transported in the ETC?
light
What are some similarities between ATP synthesis in the mitochondria and chloroplast?
electron transport chains create a gradient of protons (H+) so that ATP synthase can generate ATP molecules
When is carbon from CO2 used to make organic molecules?
Calvin Cycle
Where does the Kreb's Cycle take place?
mitochondrial matrix
What is used to make carbohydrates in photosynthesis?
CO2
Why can more ATP be produced from an NADH molecule vs a FADH2 molecule?
NADH drops electrons off at protein complex 1 and they travel through four complexes, FADH2 drops electrons off at complex 2 and they only go through 3 complex
What role does water play in photosynthesis?
donates electrons to the ETC