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DNA and DNA replication
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Why does DNA replication occur?
A second copy of DNA is required for producing the daughter cell in mitosis.
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A DNA sample has in total 200 of 1000 bases that are G and C. How may are T?
A&T = 800, T = 400
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What are the bonds that form between two bases?
Hydrogen bonds
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The DNA backbone has weaker bonds than the middle of the strand?
False!
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What is the function of the RNA primer?
The RNA primer marks the beginning of the new DNA strand.
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What is the function of primase?
This enzyme makes the RNA primer.
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List the four essential enzymes for DNA replication:
DNA polymerase, Helicase, Ligase, Primase.
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Explain what is base-pairing?
It is how complementary DNA bases bond together. A-T, G-C.
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What are Chargaffs rules?
In a given DNA sample: %A = %T, %G = %C.
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What do the single stranded binding proteins (SSBP) do?
Hold template strands in place, prevents DNA strands fronm joining together.
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Apart from enzymes, list two essential ingrediants for DNA replication:
Free nucleotides, Template strand.
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Where is DNA stored in the prokaryotic cell?
Cytoplasm
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Where is DNA stored in the Eukaryotic cell?
The nucleus
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What is the back of DNA strand called?
The sugar-phophate backbone.
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Explain the difference between leading and lagging strand?
Leading strand is made faster (template strand: 3'-5'). Lagging strand is made more slowly and in chunks (template strand: 5'-3').
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Name the four DNA bases:
Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine
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What are the building blocks of DNA?
Nucleotides
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DNA repliciation is described as being semi-conservative, explain what this means?
Each new strand produced contain an original template strand and a newly built strand.
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What does the enzyme, helicase do?
Breaks hydrogen bonds between bases, seperating the two strands.
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Name the three components of a DNA nucleotide:
Phosphate, Deoxyribose sugar, Nitrogenous base.
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Which direction does DNA polymerase add nucleotides?
5' to 3' direction.
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What are Okazaki fragments?
Short DNA chunks of the lagging strand.
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When does DNA replication occur?
Before mitosis / Interphase - S-phase
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What does the enzyme, DNA polymerase do?
Builds new strand, checks for errors in DNA code.
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All living things contain DNA, true or false?
True!
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Assuming 10% of a DNA sample is G, How much is in total is A and T?
80% (40%A + 40%T = 80% A&T)
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What is the function of ligase?
Molecular "glue" that joins DNA together.
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What is the name given for the structure of DNA?
DNA-double helix
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Explain why DNA strands have a 5' end and a 3' end
Each carbon is numbered on a nucleotide. The last carbon on the strand is5th = 5', 3rd = 3'.
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The lagging strand requires multiple primers to build, true or false?
True!
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