Describe the 4 main functions of the URT
Humidification, Filtration, Warming, & Conduction of air
Name 3 defences as part of the immune system in the respiratory tract
Phagocytes, Bronchus Associated lymphoid tissue, IgA (URT) and IgG (LRT)
Name clinical signs of an URT lesion (there should be at least 5)
Sneezing, reverse sneezing, nasal discharge, facial deformity, URT sounds (Stertor, stridor), dysphonia, dry cough
Name all of the categories in the acronym DAMNITV
Degenerative, Anamalous (anatomical/congenital), Metabolic, Neoplasia/Nutritional, Inflammatory/Infectious/Idiopathic, Toxic/Trauma, Vascular
What is this?
pulmonary oedema
Obstructive pulmonary diseases obstruct ventilation (inspiration) or elastic recoil. Name 4
BOAS, Tracheal collapse, Asthma, Bronchitis
Oxygenation is defined by Partial arterial pressure of O2. What is Ventilation defined by?
Partial arterial pressure of CO2
A restrictive pulmonary disease is one which restricts lung inflation. Name 4 (both intrapulmonary and extrapulmonary)
Pneumonia, pulmonary oedema, Pneumothorax, Pleural effusion
What is the main anatomical consequenceof oedema in regards to V/Q?
Increased diffusion barrier thickness
Type 1 Pneumocytes are a major part of the perfusion barrier, forming the inner layer of the diffusion barrier. What would be in the outer layer this diffusion barrier where gas perfusion/exchange occurs?
Capillary lumen
What are some causes of Hydrostatic oedema? (Increased pulmonary venous pressure)
LSCHF, Hypervolemia, excessive fluid therapy
Name the clinical signs of a LRT lesion. (there should be at least 5)
Cough (wet or dry, honking), Dyspnoea, Abnormal posture (Orthopnoea), systemic illness signs, abdominal muscle use increase, open mouth breathing
What does Q stand for if V = Ventilation in V/Q? (a part of normal respiratory functions)
Perfusion, blood supply to the alveoli
Name the clinical signs of a pleural space or thoracic lesion. (at least 3)
Dyspnoea, Reduced breath sounds on auscultation, visible chest wall deformity, paradoxical breathing
Why do lesions of the URT generally have more dramatic consequences compared to LRT?
LRT has a larger functional reserve and can have diffuse lesions that may not disrupt function. URT lesions can obstruct a much smaller area.
Why is inspiration effort associated in URT pathologies and not expiratory effort?
Expiration is a passive process
In the image provided, which form of compensation would give this clinical sign?
Metabolic Acidosis
Alveolar ventilation depends on_____
Normal neural pathways + air filled, inflated alveoli
Describe the mucociliary escalator seen in ciliated epithelium.
Ciliated epithelium rhythmically beats upwards which helps catch particulates in the mucous surfactant and moves it towards the oropharynx for expulsion (cough)
What is the red arrow indicating? What does this cell type do?
Pneumocyte type 2. Secrete surfactant to alleviate alveoli surface tension, and replace type 1 if damaged