WHERE IS THE CLAUSE? COMMAS? Felix was delighted to finally meet the woman whose books had influenced so much of his childhood.
whose books had influenced so much of his childhood. - NO COMMAS RESTRICTIVE
WHERE IS THE MODIFIER? COMMAS? Hendrick my lovable but destructive little brother accidentally broke a dozen eggs when he dropped them on the kitchen floor.
,my lovable but destructive little brother, NON-RESTRICTIVE (extra information)
Last summer, the museum’s curator Joshua spent weeks planning and creating an engaging exhibit for visitors.
Joshua was the only museum curator
Joshua was one of several museum curators
WHERE IS THE CLAUSE? COMMAS? Scarlet who is known for her tap-dancing abilities blew the judges away at the talent show.
,who is known for her tap-dancing abilities, NONRESTRICTIVE (Extra information)
WHERE IS THE MODIFIER? COMMAS? Mr. Webb our history teacher likes showing movies to help us learn about the past.
,our history teacher, NONRESTRICITVE (only one Mr. Webb)
WHERE IS THE CLAUSE? COMMAS? Sadly, the player who has scored most of our goals will be out the rest of the season with a knee injury.
who has scored most of our goals- NO COMMAS NEEDED (essential for meaning)
Establishing a consistent sleep schedule can be helpful for new parents, who often experience sleep deprivation.
New parents in general experience sleep deprivation.
Only some new parents experience sleep deprivation
Will you help me put the dishes that are broken into this basket so I can use them for a mosaic?
Only some of the dishes are broken.
All of the dishes are broken.
WHERE IS THE CLAUSE? COMMAS? New York City which is also called “The Big Apple” is an amazing place to visit
which is also called “The Big Apple”- COMMAS REQUIRED (extra information)
RESTRICTIVE OR NONRESTRICTIVE: When learning to surf, head to a part of the beach that has slower and calmer waves.
RESTRICTIVE- no commas necessary "that has..." (essential for meaning)
What is the difference between a PHRASE and a CLAUSE?
a CLAUSE has both a subject and predicate, a PHRASE does not have both
Our neighbor Mr. Kimura is the music teacher at the community arts school.
The speaker has multiple neighbors.
The speaker has only one neighbor.
RESTRICTIVE OR NONRESTRICTIVE?: A clause that is UNNECESSARY for the sentence and can easily be removed without affecting the meaning.
NONRESTRICTIVE
Guests who have season passes will get a fifteen percent discount on merchandise in the park.
only some guests will receive a discount
all guests will receive a discount
RESTRICTIVE OR NONRESTRICTIVE: a comma is UNNECESSARY around these clauses.
RESTRICTIVE
Alaina’s cousin Oscar was invited to display his delicate, unique aluminum foil sculptures in the local cooking school’s lobby.
Alaina has only one cousin.
Alaina has more than one cousin.
The Sierra Nevada mountain range that is in Spain is home to some of the southernmost ski resorts in Europe.
There is more than one Sierra Nevada mountain range.
There is only one Sierra Nevada mountain range
The fundraiser will take place at the smoothie shop downtown, which was started by two graduates of the local university.
There is only one smoothie shop downtown.
There are multiple smoothie shops downtown.
RESTRICTIVE OR NONRESTRITIVE: A clause that is introduced using the word "which"
NONRESTRICTIVE
The guests gathered on the aquarium’s observation deck, where visitors have sweeping views of the bay, to look for orcas.
The aquarium has multiple observation decks
The aquarium has only one observation deck.
Daniela hosts a bonfire every year on the first day of summer at her aunt’s house, which is near the lake.
Daniela’s aunt has more than one house.
Daniela’s aunt has only one house.
Words that introduce a nonrestrictive or restrictive CLAUSES are called...
relative pronouns
The ancient Incan city Machu Picchu sits over 7,000 feet above sea level in the Andes Mountains of Peru.
Machu Picchu - RENAMES city RESTRICTIVE (essential)- NO COMMA NEEDED
WHERE IS THE CLAUSE? Hot air balloons are able to float because hot air which is less dense than cool air rises and lifts the balloon upwards
,which is less dense than cool air, NONRESTRICTIVE
MODIFIER? COMMAS? African American entrepreneur Madam C.J. Walker was America’s first self-made female millionaire.
Madam C.J. Walker - NO COMMAS NEEDED- restrictive
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