What is located between the cerebrum and the midbrain (top of brainstem)?
Diencephalon- includes thalamus and hypothalamus
What houses the nucleus in a neuron? (circled in red)
Soma or cell body
What are the functions of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)? (4)
Makes the brain buoyant; Acts as a buffer/shock absorber; Circulates nutrients throughout the CNS; Removes waste from CNS into the bloodstream
Provide the name and function of these cranial nerves. (circled in red)
Hypoglossal Nerve (XII)- tongue movement
What carries impulses away from the cell body? (circled in red)
Axon
What is the term used to describe an abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the ventricles of the brain?
Hydrocephalus
What is the term for the layers/membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord?
Meninges
What is the term used to describe inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord?
Meningitis
Provide the name and function of these cranial nerves. (circled in red)
Vestibulocochlear Nerves (VIII)- hearing; balance
What lines the ventricles?
Ependymal cells- glial cells that produce/secrete cerebrospinal fluid
What is the term used to describe an involuntary and nearly instantaneous movement in response to a stimulus?
Reflex
Name the 2 types of cells in the nervous system.
Neurons (conduct impulses); Neuroglial cells or glia (do not conduct impulses)
What is the term used to describe a disruption in the blood supply to the brain and is also known as a stroke?
Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
What brings impulses to the nucleus? (circled in red)
Dendrites
How does an impulse travel from one neuron to another?
Chemical neurotransmitters help the impulse travel across the synaptic cleft
What is the largest section of the brain; responsible for reasoning, thought and memory? (circled in red)
Cerebrum
What is the brain of a neuron? (circled in red)
Nucleus
Provide the name and function of these cranial nerves. (circled in red)
Olfactory Nerves (I)- smell
Which lobe of the brain is considered the visual center of the brain?
Occipital Lobe
Which lobe of the brain processes tactile sensory information such as taste, temp, and touch? (circled in red)
Parietal Lobe
What part of the diencephalon acts as a relay center and directs sensory impulses going to and from the spinal cord and cerebrum?
Thalamus
What is the main function of the spinal cord?
It carries messages to and from the brain and the nerves that go to the muscles and glands (connects the brain and peripheral nervous system)
Which neonatal reflex occurs when the lateral side of the bottom of the foot is stroked and the toes fan?
Babinski
Which neonatal reflexes do not disappear and are considered normal to retain as an adult? (3)
blinking; pupillary response (constriction of pupils to light); withdrawing (removing body part from painful stimuli)
Which neonatal reflex is also known as the startle reflex when suddenly lowering a baby will cause the arms and legs to throw out?
Moro
What is the term used to describe an abnormal mass of tissue in the brain in which cells grow and multiply uncontrollably?
Intracranial tumor
Provide the name and function of these cranial nerves. (circled in red)
Trochlear Nerves (IV)- eye movement
What are the 2 divisions of the nervous system and what structures do they include?
Central Nervous System (CNS)- brain & spinal cord; Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)- nerves outside CNS (nerves that reach all parts of the body)
Which neonatal reflex occurs when the head is facing right, and the right arm shoots out in front while the left arm raises above the head?
Asymmetrical Tonic Neck/Tonic Neck
Which layer of the meninges is the tough, thick outer layer?
Dura mater
What is the term used to describe inflammation of the meninges and the brain.?
Meningoencephalitis
Which layer of the meninges is the innermost layer?
Pia mater
During which response (sympathetic or parasympathetic) would breathing decrease?
Parasympathetic response
What is the term for the 4 hollow spaces located in the brain?
Ventricles
What is the lowest portion of the brainstem (connects with the spinal cord) and is responsible for regulating heartbeat, respiration, and blood pressure?
Medulla Oblongata
What part of the diencephalon is an integral part of the endocrine system and regulates the autonomic nervous system?
Hypothalamus
Provide the name and function of these cranial nerves. (circled in red)
Optic Nerves (II)- vision
Provide the name and function of these cranial nerves. (circled in red)
Accessory/Spinal Accessory Nerve (XI)- head and neck movement
Which neonatal reflex occurs when a baby is held under the armpits with legs dangling and baby will "walk"?
Step
Which division of the peripheral nervous system carries impulses between the central nervous system and many internal organs?
Autonomic
Provide the name and function of these cranial nerves. (circled in red)
Trigeminal Nerves (V)- largest cranial nerve; important for chewing and sensory information (touch, pain) from the face and head
Which section of the brain is responsible for coordinating muscle movements, balance and posture and motor learning? (circled in red)
Cerebellum
During which response (sympathetic or parasympathetic) would the digestive system slow down?
Sympathetic response
During which response (sympathetic or parasympathetic) would the pupils constrict? (smaller, lets less light in)
Parasympathetic response
Provide the name and function of these cranial nerves. (circled in red)
Facial Nerves (VII)- taste, sensory information from ear; facial expression.
What is the lipid (fatty) covering on the axon? (circled in red)
Myelin sheath- speeds up impulses
Which lobe of the brain is considered to be the “control panel” of personality? (circled in red)
Frontal Lobe
Which neonatal reflex occurs when a baby's palm is stroked and they grab the finger tightly?
Grasp
Provide the name and function of these cranial nerves. (circled in red)
Glossopharyngeal Nerves (IX)- taste; sensory information from tongue, tonsil, pharynx; swallowing.
Which lobe of the brain is responsible for hearing, vision, and visual memories? (circled in red)
Temporal Lobe
What is the name of the lower part of the brain, adjoining, and structurally continuous with, the spinal cord?
Brainstem
What is the term used to describe inflammation of the brain?
Encephalitis
Provide the name and function of these cranial nerves. (circled in red)
Abducens Nerves (VI)- eye movement
Which type of neuron carries information to the muscles, glands, and organs of the body?
Motor or efferent neurons
What are the 2 divisions of the autonomic nervous system?
Sympathetic- “fight or flight”; Parasympathetic- “rest and digest”
What does an abnormal Babinski reflex look like in an adult?
the foot will dorsiflex (point towards shin of leg)
What are the functions of neuroglial cells? (3)
Provide nutrient support, maintain homeostasis, and produce myelin sheath
What is the top portion of the brainstem located just below the cerebrum?
Midbrain
What is the middle portion of the brainstem located just below the midbrain?
Pons
Which type of neurons are only found in the CNS and enables communication between sensory neurons, motor neurons, and the CNS?
Interneurons
How many pairs of cranial nerves are found in the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?
12
Which neonatal reflex is stimulated by touching a finger to a baby’s cheek or the corner of the mouth?
Rooting
Provide the name and function of these cranial nerves. (circled in red)
What is the term used to describe a neurological disorder marked by sudden recurrent episodes of sensory disturbance associated with abnormal electrical activity in the brain?
Epilepsy
Which type of neuron carries information to the CNS (brain & spinal cord)?
Sensory or afferent neurons
What is the mass of nerve tissue encased by the skull?
Brain
What is the term used to describe the type of dementia that causes problems with memory, thinking and behavior?
Alzheimer’s Disease
During which response (sympathetic or parasympathetic) would heart rate increase?
Sympathetic response
What is name of the periodic gaps on the axon? (circled in red)
Nodes of Ranvier
Which layer of the meninges is the middle, delicate web-like layer?
Arachnoid membrane
What are the 2 main divisions of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?