How many daughter cells does meiosis produce, what ploidy do they have, and what is unique about them?
Four genetically unique haploid cells (gametes)
What is unique about the life cycle of Rhodophyta?
It is triphasic meaning there is an alternation of two diploid or sporophyte generations (3 total).
What is the storage product of heterokonts?
Chrysolaminarin
What phase of meiosis does random assortment occur?
Metaphase I
True or False: There are only multicellular brown alga
True!
What are the names of the male and female gametangium in water molds?
Antheridium(a) and Oogonium(a)
What phyla fall under the Viridiplantae descriptor?
Chlorophytes and Embryophytes
Which phase of mitosis is shown?
Telophase/Cytokinesis
What is the function of the pores in a diatom's frustule?
Gas and nutrient exchange
What do you call the point at which chromosomes touch during crossing over?
Chiasma/Chiasmata
What are thylakoids?
Photosynthetic membranes in the chloroplast stacked in grana.
Define synapomorphy.
A shared derived trait.
How would you define a polyphyletic group?
A group consisting of two or more taxa with separate common ancestors.
What is the difference between parasitism and being saprophytic?
Parasitism = Feeding on a living host Saprophytic = Consuming dead organic matter from plants or animals
True or False: Prokaryotes are larger than Eukaryotes
False
This cladistic descriptor means a uniquely derived character.
Autapomorphy
At what stage are the chromosomes doubled in meiosis and mitosis?
During the DNA synthesis phase of interphase (S phase)
What is the name of roundly shaped bacteria?
Cocci
What are three source of genetic variation in meiosis?
1.) Crossing over in Prophase I 2.)Random Fusion of Gametes From Different Parents 3.) Random Assortment of Chromosomes
What is the ploidy of a carpospore and what does it form in red algae?
Diploid, Tetrasporophyte
A cell has 15 chromosomes at G1 phase of Interphase, how many does it have at G2?
30 Chromosomes
How would you define a monophyletic group?
AKA clade, it is the group that includes a common ancestor and all of its descendants.
What are advantages for sexual reproduction? Disadvantages?
Pros: Genetic diversity in offspring, less likely to be wiped out by disease, more stable populations, etc.
What is the name of this structure found in the fucus life cycle? What does it house?
Conceptacle, contains reproductive organs
In the spirogyra life cycle, what does the fusing of gametes form and what does this become in mature cells?
Zygospore, vegetative fillament
What defines a true chloroplast?
Double membrane bound organelle with stacked thylakoids and no phycobilisomes.
Spirogyra and coleochaete are in the same sub class of green algae and have the same life cycle. What are they?
Streptophyta and haplontic life cycle
This group consists of a common ancestor but not all descendants.
Paraphyletic group
What does a phenotype express?
Observable characteristics of an individual
Which type of gamete is shown below?
Isogamy
Which protists are classified as heterokonts?
Diatoms and brown algae
What was the second organelle to develop from primary endosymbiosis?
Chloroplast
What cladistic group do diatoms fall under?
Monophyletic/ Clade
What is unique about the crustose coralline red algae?
It is the deepest growing alga at a depth of 820 feet, which is 300 feet deeper than any other photosynthetic organism.
In phylum Rhodophyta, what is present instead of plasmodesmata?
Pit plugs - they connect cells together which reduces extracellular travel
Name three characteristics or functions of Mitochondria
Cellular respiration, Double membrane bound, Production of ATP (Powerhouse of cell)
What are the three pillars that make up modern systematics?
Scientific method, evolution, classification of biodiversity
What is the storage carbohydrate for green alga?
Starches
True or False: Akinetes are found in eukaryotic Cyanobacteria
False
What are the phycobilisome pigment proteins?
Phycoerythrin, phycocyanin, and allophycocyanin
What are the phases of Interphase?
G1, S, G2, and meiosis/mitosis
Clades or taxa that share an immediate common ancestor.
Sister Taxa
What are the two types of flagella in biflagellated sperm?
Tinsel flagellum (long/hairy) and Whiplash flagellum (short/smooth)
What are separated during metaphase I? What about metaphase II?
Homologous chromosomes and sister chromatids
This grouping comes from the development of a trait or character that is found in two species who do not share a common ancestor.
Homoplasy
What is symplesiomorphy?
Shared ancestral character/trait
What is the heterocyst involved with?
Nitrogen fixation in cyanobacteria
What happens during prophase I that contributes to genetic diversity?
Crossing over
Which component of DNA is associated with "Beads on a String"?
Histones
Which phyla and type of life cycle is represented?
Rhodophyta - Diplohaplontic
What is the correct pairings for the following: Oospores, zoospores, asexual reproduction, sexual reproduction
Oospores - sexual reproduction Zoospores - asexual reproduction
How do diatoms reproduce and what is their life cycle?
Asexual mitotic reproduction with a diplontic life cycle
What is the storage carbohydrate for Oomycota?
Glycogen
This bacteria morphology is pill shaped
Baccilli
What is unique about the Oomycota life cycle?
It utilizes both sexual and asexual reproduction
What do you call the filamentous body plan of Oomycota? What are the filaments made of?
Mycelium, Hyphae
What is the reserve carbohydrate in Rhodophyta?
Floridean starch
What type of life cycle does fucus have?
Diplontic
What is the process of conjugation in Spirogyra?
Asexual reproduction involving two neighboring cells.
This bacteria morphology is characterized by a spiral shape
Spirilla