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Apologia Advanced Biology module 13
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What design features of the small intestine aid in absorption
circular fold and villi
What are the 3 sections of the small intestines?
Duodenum, jejunum, and the illeum
What are 4 substances that decrease the acidity in the alimentary canal?
1. alkaline mucous from the duodenal glands 2.Intestinal juice from the intestinal glands 3.Bile from the gall bladder 4. bicarbonate in pancreatic juice
What is the difference between fat and water soluble vitamins?
excess Water soluble(C, b group, biotin, folic acid)are removed through the kidneys. excess fat soluble(A, D, E and K) aren't
What is gastrin? Where does it come from, what does it do?
Produced in the stomach, increases esophageal sphincter tone, sectretions form gastric pits and mixing waves in the stomach. decreases pyloric sphincter tone
What is the job of enterokinase?
It activates trypsinogen which comes from the pancreas and changes it into trypsin which breaks down proteins
What is the general term for nutrients our body needs in large quantities like carbohydrates and proteins?
macronutrients
Gastric glands produce pepsinogen. Why don't they produce pepsin, which is what the stomach actually needs to aid digestion?
A cell can’t make an active enzyme that breaks proteins into peptides and amino acids, because the cell is protein.
Why are intestinal villi so important?
villi increase the amount of intestinal surface that comes into contact with the food, speeding up the absorption process. (increase surface area 60-100X)
The epiglottis and soft palate both participate in deglutition. What do they do?
The soft palate rises up and closes off the nasal cavity, the larynx rises and the epiglottis drops
Where does the body Interconvert macronutrients based on the body’s needs?
The liver converts the excess nutrients into some other form. (such as fats into phospholipids)
What contains glands that produce secretin? Where does it get secreted into? What does it do?
small intestine (duodenum), it gets secreted into the capillaries in response to acidic chyme.
What contains glands that produce CCK? (Cholecystokinin)
Small intestine, (in response to fatty chyme. Its name means “gallbladder contractor.”)( Chole:bile, cystic:sac, kinen:contract)
What structure has endocrine and exocrine functions?
pancreas
What part of the digestive tract absorbs the most nutrients?
small intestine
What structure would help you identify tissue from the stomach?
Gastric pits
What are two functions of bile?
Carry away waste from the liver and to emulsify fats.
What produces bile? Where is it stored?
The liver produces bile (in the sinusoids) and the gall bladder stores it
Where are two sources of amylase? What does Amylase do?
Saliva, and the pancrease. Amylase breaks down starch into maltose (poly saccharide into disaccharides)
What Micro nutrients?
vitamins and minerals, are vital to healthy development, disease prevention, and wellbeing, but only needed in small amounts
What are two vitamins that can be produced by the body as well as be absorbed from food?
vitamin D, K, B12, D and biotin can be made by the body
What stores excess glucose as glycogen?
d. the liver
What are f,l,k and j called collectively?
large intestine
I went to the______ for ___ The ______ of _______ sat next to me Her_______ abdominal Were truly ______And everyone thought __ ___ __! -President Woodrow Wilson
palace, tea, duchess, Windsor, rumblings, phenomenal , it was me
What is intrinsic factor?
a chemical secreted by the gastric glands that allows your body to absorb B12.
What is Chyme?
a mixture of the bolus and gastric juices
what are the components of 1.proteins, 2. Carbohydrates –, 3.fats (lipids)?
1.proteins-amino acids, 2. Carbohydrates – monosaccharides, 3.fats (lipids) – fatty acids
describe deglutition.
the act of swallowing:1. Soft palate rises up blocking off the nasal cavity, 2.the larynx rises and the epiglottis drops sealing off the larynx
what makes you cough?
something other than air passing over the larynx
What is food mixed with saliva called when you swallow it?
a bolus
What is digestion?
the breakdown of food molecules into their individual components
What is the skeletal muscle that controls breathing?
the diaphragm
What is a Fundus?
the part of a hollow organ (such as the uterus or the gallbladder) that is farthest from the opening
what is the serosa of the stomach called?
visceral peritoneum
list 6 of the accessory organs of the digestive systems
salivary glands, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, vermiform appendix, (teeth and tongue)
List 8 parts of the Alimentary canal (or tract)
mouth pharynx esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus
What are the 4 main regions of the stomach ?
cardiac region, fundus, body, pylorus
What is adventitia?
a thin layer of loose connective tissue that binds an organ to surrounding tissues or organs
What are rugae?
folds in the stomach
what is peristalsis?
The process of contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscles that pushes food through the alimentary canal
What is gastric juice?
the acid and other chemicals that are secreted into stomach from the gastric glands
What is mastication?
the process of chewing


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