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SIGS Unit 6B
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What sections of the nephron are highly suseptible to ischemia?
PCT, TAL (high mitochondrial content)
List at lease 3 virulence factors that are frequent among UTI causing bugs?
gram negative, slime layer/biofilm, flagella or fimbrae for motility and attachment, produce nitrates, produce leukocyte esterase
Name 2 virulence factors for UPEC (LGS but related to SIGS)
Hemolysin A (lyses erythrocytes to gain access to iron stores, and lyses other cells to evade immune)), siderophore (to sequester iron inside organism)
Name the bug based on urinalysis: pH = 8.0, nitrite +, LE +, Urease +
Proteus mirabilis
Bumetanide acts on which pumps in the nephron?
Na/K/2Cl cotransporter
What is the uniferous tubule?
nephron + collecting duct
How to diagnose minimal change disease
treat with steroids if it works then it was MCD, if it doesn't it probs wasn't. Also EM but ain't nobody got time for that.
This glomerular pathology presents with crescentic leisions. Name it and define as nephrotic/nephritis
Rapidly progressive glomerulonepritis (nephritic)
Outline SIRS criteria
HR > 90 bpm; T > 99°F; RR > 20 bpm; ↑WBC
How is the kidney responsible for making vitamin D? (what specific part of the nephron?)
Mitochondria of the PCT cells produce α-1,25-(OH)2-D3
Name 4 types of stones
Calcium oxalate, uric acid, struvite, cystine
What molecules are struvite stones made from?
Magnesium, phosphate, ammonium
List the 6 classes of lupus nephritis
Minimal mesangial, mesangial proliferative, focal, diffuse, membranous, advanced sclerosing
Why is lisinopril renoprotective?
IDK ask Collin... something to do with preserving the slit diaphragm protein nephrin??
Explain why thiazides can cause hypokalemia
Na+ retention at TAL will later be exchanged for K+ at collecting tubules
Peaked t-waves indicate (electrolyte finding)
hyperkalemia
62 y/o M with palpable purpura, MPO-ANCA (+), and pauci-immune focal cresenctic leisions w/o granulomas
microscopic polyangitis
List 3 risk factors for acute tubular necrosis
Sepsis, ischemia, nephrotoxins, vacular disease
FENa between 1-2% means
intrarenal azotemia
Symptoms of nephrotic syndrome
3.5+ proteinurea (edema, infections), hyperlipidemia
This molecule is responsible for the negative charge of the glomerular filtration basement membrane
heparan sulfate