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Apologia Advanced Biology module 1
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What is the fluid mosaic model?
A description of plasma membrane. (phospholipid bilayer is fluid, The many different kinds of chemicals floating in it are the mosaic)
What is the difference between the nucleotides of DNA and RNA?
DNA nucleotides are adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine. RNA contains uracil instead of thymine.
What is tRNA?
tRNA is a molecule that carries an amino acid to the ribosome where it is added to the growing protein chain based on the mRNA code
What is a codon?
A codon is a DNA or RNA sequence of three nucleotides that forms a unit of genomic information encoding a particular amino acid or signaling a stop.
What do ribosomes do?
They synthesize proteins. (They are the kitchen)
What do pinocytosis and phagocytosis mean? are the active or passive transport?
phagocytosis: cell eating, pinocytosis: cell drinking. Always requires energy, always active transport
What kind of tissue lines your esophagus?
epithelial tissue
What kind of tissue is cartilage?
connective tissue
What kind of tissue is the heart muscle?
muscle tissue
What does hydrophobic mean?
water hating, the lipid end of the phospholipid
Describe the 4 phases of mitosis.
Prophase: Metaphase : Anaphase : Telephase: Interphase:normal cell function
What is the plasma membrane made of?
Phospholipid bilayer
What two places are DNA found?
Nucleus and mitochondria
What does a Lysosome do?
Lysosomes are organelles that contain digestive enzymes. They digest excess or worn out organelles, food particles, and engulfed viruses or bacteria.
What does the mitochondria do?
It is the power house of the cell, it produces energy in the form of ATP
7 levels of organization, and which would be considered gross anatomy?
molecules, organelles, cells, tissues(microscopic) - (gross anatomy): organs, organ systems, the whole organism
Name and give an example of the 4 types of tissues.
Nervous, Muscular, cardiac, connective tissue, epithelial tissue
Name 5 of the 11 organ systems outlined in our text.
Skeletal, nervous, circulatory, respiratory, digestive, muscular, integumentary, lymphatic (immune), urinary, endocrine, reproductive.
What is the difference between organs and organelles?
Organelles are the little organs inside the cell and are made up of molecules
Describe two ways to study the body.
Regional, surface, developmental, comparative, organ systems
What do glycoproteins do?
The act as markers to identify the cells to recognize each other, ie: foreign cells, or as receptors to receive messages
What is active transport?
When something requires energy to move into the cell.
Give an example of passive transport
water and Na+ traveling through channel proteins from high to low concentration.Lipids which are non polar can pass right through the lipid membrane
What are two ways large molecules brought into the cell?
Pinocytosis(very large such as proteins) and carrier proteins (large such as carbohydrates)
Why does the plasma membrane reorient itself?
The phospholipids. The lipid tails are attracted to each other and the phosphate ends are attracted to the polar molecules of water,both inside&outside the cell
Describe and give an example of a negative feedback system and a positive feedback system
negative- temperature, blood pressure, blood sugar positive-labor
Is this a positive or negative feedback system? What is the control center? What is the effector?
negative feedback system, control center- sympathetic nervous system, Effector-heart or muscles around the blood vessels
What are the greek roots and their meanings for homeostasis
homeo-same, stasis-standing
Name 2 stresses and what the body does about it.
temperature:sweating or shivering, blood sugar(candybar): high-insulin low-liver puts out glucose, BP: high-slow heart rate, low-increase heart rate
What do we call something that can threaten homeostasis?
a stress
What is homeostasis?
A state of dynamic equilibrium in the body with respect to its internal environment and functions
What is Physiology?
The study of how the parts of an organism work and how they work together
What is selective permeability?
The ability to let certain materials in or out while restricting others
What is histology?
The study of tissues
What is Chromatin?
disorganized DNA
What does hydrophilic mean and what does it refer to?
Water-loving, It refers to the phosphate end of a phospholipid


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