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Why was the European encounter with the Americas significant?
Formerly isolated areas were now connected to a global network.
Why did Samuel de Champlain's attempts to increase the population of New France fall?
The French government refused to let Protestants settle in New France.
Why did the transatlantic slave trade devastate entire cultures?
Raiders captured young and productive members of the communities.
How did Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca inspire other explorers to travel to North America?
His travel writings suggested that there could be riches north of New Spain.
How did conquistadors interact with the Aztec and the Inca?
They used violence to control both peoples
What did Ferdinand Magellan do?
sailed around South America and landed on the island of Guam
Identify a problem with the Columbian Exchange. Why was this problem significant?
One problem with the Columbian Exchange is that smallpox, which originated in Europe, killed many Native Americans. It is significant because many natives died.
How did the hacienda system affect Native Americans?
Native American laborers worked on haciendas in exchange for protection. Native American laborers were not paid for their work, many died from the conditions.
What led to the growth of chattel slavery in the Americas?
Spanish forced Native Americans to work on their sugarcane plantations. Natives died off. Enslaved Africans were brought to replace the natives.
How did the triangular trade differ from the Columbian Exchange?
CE - plants and animals were exchanged between the Old World and the New World. TT - Europeans treated enslaved people as goods and denied their human rights.
When was slavery abolished in the United States?
1865
What is an institution?
an established and accepted practice in a society or culture
What is the removal of Africans from their homelands to the Americas called?
African diaspora
By the 1500s, how many enslaved Africans worked on Spanish plantations in the Caribbean?
75,000
Why was the Middle Passage so difficult?
Ten to fifteen percent of enslaved people died of disease or despair during the voyage
What happened during the first part of the triangular trade route?
Europeans exchanged goods for enslaved Africans.
How did chattel slavery begin?
The Portuguese wanted enslaved people to work on their sugar plantations.
Why was quinine so important for Europe, Africa, and Asia?
It was the only effective malaria remedy for 300 years.
How did Bartolomé de Las Casas help Native Americans?
He convinced the Spanish king to pass laws protecting Native Americans.
Which group was the most powerful in the Spanish colonies?
Spanish-born people and Creoles
What was the long trip across the Atlantic Ocean in which enslaved Africans were brought to the Americas; the second leg of the triangular trade route called?
the Middle Passage
What is triangular trade?
a transatlantic trade network formed by Europe, West Africa, and the Americas
What do we call a form of slavery in which enslaved people have no human rights and are classified as goods?
Chattel Slavery
What is slavery?
a social system in which human beings are placed under the complete control of others
What is a substance made from the bark of a tree that is an effective remedy for malaria called?
quinine
What is immunity?
a protection against disease, either natural or induced by vaccination
What was the Columbian Exchange?
the exchange of plants, animals, microbes, people, and ideas between Europe and the Americas following Columbus's first voyage to the Western Hemisphere
What is a Christian church settlement established to convert native peoples called?
a mission
What is an encomienda?
a system in Spain’s American colonies in which wealthy settlers were given plots of land and allowed to enslave the people who lived there
What is a large farm; on southern plantations, slaves worked to grow and harvest crops called?
a plantation
What is a hacienda?
a large plantation in a Spanish-speaking colony
What is the name for a person who has mixed Spanish and Native American ancestry?
Mestizo
Describe the factors that limited population growth in New France.
1) the French government would not allow Protestants to settle there. 2) They used the feudal system, meaning settlers could not own their own land.
Why did King Philip II see the French Huguenots as a menace?
They opposed Catholicism and they also chose their South Carolina settlement so that they could attack Spanish ships from that location. This outraged Philip II
Why was Hernán Cortés one of the most successful conquistadors?
He allied with Native Americans who did not like the powerful Aztec rulers. He took advantage of Moctezuma’s belief in the return of the god Quetzalcoatl.
How did mercantilism influence exploration of the Americas?
Countries had exclusive rights to trade with the goods from their own colonies. The more colonies a country had, the more wealth it would accrue.
What are watershed lands?
areas drained by rivers
Who were the Sea Dogs?
English sailors licensed by the monarch to attack enemy ships
Which English person was the first to circumnavigate the globe?
Francis Drake
How did Canada get its name?
from a Huron-Iroquois word meaning “village or settlement”
What led to war between the Dutch and the Native Americans in 1640?
the purchase of Manhattan
Why did Martin Luther accuse the Catholic Church of corruption?
The Church claimed to forgive sins in exchange for money
What caused the Aztec to rebel against Hernán Cortés and the Spanish?
The Spanish demanded gold and outlawed human sacrifice.
Which two major Native American civilizations were wiped out by the Spanish due to the spread of smallpox?
the Aztec and the Inca
What was the Line of Demarcation?
a vertical boundary through the Atlantic and present-day Brazil
Why did the Spanish appoint viceroys?
to rule the territories claimed by Spain
What did Amerigo Vespucci’s explorations reveal?
South America was a huge landmass.
What were the conquistadors looking for in North America?
cities of gold
What is a privateer?
an armed but privately owned ship that acts under the authority of a government to participate in warfare; or a sailor on such a ship
What is a large sailing ship used especially by the Spanish in the 16th and 17th centuries called?
a galleon
What is a watershed?
an area of land that includes a particular river or lake and all the bodies of water that flow into it
What is the term that means to punish, particularly because of beliefs or background
persecute
What is a heretic?
a person who holds beliefs different from the teachings of the Catholic Church
What is the term for a passage by sea between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans along the north coast of North America?
the Northwest Passage
What does circumnavigate mean?
to travel completely around Earth
What is a deadly virus that causes a high fever and small blisters on the skin?
Smallpox
Who is a conquistador?
a Spanish conqueror who sought gold and other riches in the Americas
What do you call a territory governed by a viceroy?
a viceroyalty
Who is a viceroy?
a governor of Spain’s colonies in the Americas who represented the Spanish king and queen
What do you call a person who tries to spread Christianity to others?
A missionary
What is Mercantilism?
an economic policy that gives a country sole ownership of the trade occuring in its colonies


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