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DNA, RNA, Protein Synthesis and Gene Regulation
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When proteins are embedded in the cell membrane which amino acids, hydrophilic or hydrophobic are in the middle of the membrane?
hydrophobic
In order for protein synthesis to occur, mRNA must migrate from the nucleus to
the ribosome
The scientists credited with establishing the structure of DNA
Watson & Crick
What keeps digestive enzymes from breaking down many different substrates?
the shape of the active site
What allows antibodies to attach to foreign objects in the body?
their shape
What are the chemical tags that turn genes on?
Acetyl
In eukaryotic organisms when a gene is turned off, describe the condition of the DNA
tightly wrapped around histones
What does the lac operon control in E.coli?
The breakdown of lactose
Why do cells regulate the expression of genes?
they do not need the proteins that are specified by certain genes
When the lac repressor protein attaches to the operator, what happens to the gene?
turns lac gene off
How do proteins affect DNA and gene expression?
Turn genes on and off, wrap and unwrap DNA
What level of protein folding are peptide bonds?
Primary
What level of protein folding combines multiple polypeptide chains into complete proteins?
Quaternary
What level of protein folding are the alpha helices and beta pleated sheets?
Secondary
What is the role of the anticodon?
to ensure the amino acid is brought to the appropriate codon
What are the three nucleotides on a tRNA molecule called?
anti-codon
What are three nucleotides on an mRNA molecule that code for an amino acid called?
Codon
What starts transcription?
RNA polymerase bonding to promoter
What molecules is DNA “rewritten” into during transcription?
mRNA
What are the three types of RNA?
mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
Besides the central dogma, what other process do organisms use to make proteins?
None, it's universal
What is Chargaff’s rule?
A=T & C=G
What are the three parts of a nucleotide?
Sugar, Phosphate, Nitrogen Base
What is the function of DNA?
store and transmit genetic information and regulate the production proteins


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