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Adaptation I a. is the least common b. is narrowly diffused c. refers to the rejection of goals and means d. refers to conformity to both culture goals and means
D: refers to conformity to both culture goals and means
Adaptation II a. is the most common b. refers to conformity to both culture goals and means c. refers to the rejection of goals and means d. is widely diffused
C: refers to the rejection of goals and means
Which of the following is the most common mode of adaptation? a. ritualism b. innovation c. retreatism d. conformity
D: conformity
The ______ perspective views society as a system of mutually sustaining parts and characterized by broad normative consensus.
Consensus
Which of Miller’s focal concerns means personal freedom? a. toughness b. excitement c. autonomy d. smartness
C: autonomy
The concept of negative emotions is central to which theory? a. differential opportunity theory b. focal concerns theory c. general strain theory d. institutional anomie theory
C: general strain
Shaw and McKay's social disorganization theory is part of which theoretical tradition? a. life course b. social ecology c. social process d. subculture
B: social ecology
Which of the following is a gang function for many of its members? a. family b. protective agency c. educational institution d. all of these
D: all of these
According to Cohen, difficulty adjusting to middle-class measuring rods can lead to a. status frustration b. focal concerns c. short-run hedonism d. modes of adaptation
A: status frustration
Within Walter Miller’s framework of focal concerns, ______ refers to the belief that the locus of control is external to oneself. a. autonomy b. excitement c. fate d. toughness
C: fate
According to Cloward and Ohlin, individuals who are born into an established and organized delinquent subculture join ______ gangs. a. conflict b. criminal c. organized d. retreatist
B: criminal
According to Cohen, the real problem to overcome is ______, not blocked opportunity.
Status frustration
With which theory is Robert Agnew associated?
General strain theory
According to Messner and Rosenfeld, what is the answer to the high crime rate in the United States? a. anomie b. capitalism c. decommodification d. institutionalization
C: Decommodification
The first criminological theory to be developed in the United States was the human ecology theory, which came out of what was known as the ______ school.
Chicago
Define organic solidarity
A characteristic of modern societies in which there is a high degree of occupational specialization
______ exists in small, isolated, and self-sufficient pre-state societies in which individuals share common values and develops strong emotional ties to the collectivity.
Mechanical solidarity
Which theorist is credited with the idea that strain results from a disjunction between goals and the legitimate means of attaining them?
Robert Merton
Which term did Emile Durkheim coin to refer to normlessness, or a lack of rules, within society? a. anomie b. proletariat c. rebellion d. strain
A: anomie
______ is primarily concerned with defensible space (inhibiting crime by creating physical expression of a social fabric that defends itself).
Environmental design
All of the following are considered primary emotions EXCEPT: Choices: a. fear b. empathy c. disgust d. joy
B: empathy
What is the primary appeal of crime according to cultural criminologists? Choices: a. intrinsic rewards b. monetary rewards c. material rewards
A: intrinsic rewards
Emotion intervenes between what two things? Choices: reality, reaction, action, perception
Perception & action
Both rationality and emotion initiate what?
Behavior
Which of the theories discussed in this chapter attracts disenchanted members of the radical left or anarchic label?
Cultural criminology
All of the following are reasons why capable guardians are in short supply in disorganized neighborhoods EXCEPT: Choices: a. disrupted families b. poverty c. unemployment d. transient neighborhoods
C: unemployment
Routine activities theory looks at crime from the point(s) of view of ______.
The offender & crime prevention efforts
All of the following are considered capable guardians EXCEPT: Choices: a. alarms b. concerned neighbors c. well-lit streets d. all of these
D: all of these
______ is as much a “cause” of crime as its poverty because it brings with it many opportunities for crime. Choices: a. inequality b. unemployment c. affluence d. gender
C: affluence
What is the goal behind rationality? Choices: a. being ethical b. morality c. self-interest d. others emotions
C: self-interest
Rational choice theory and routine activities theory are both based on what school of ideas?
Neoclassical
Cultural criminologists agree with evolutionary scholars that ______ are/is more important than ______ in human social decision making. Choices: behavior, rationality, emotions
Emotions, rationality
Jeremy Bentham maintained that estimations of the values of pleasures and pains were to be considered with reference to which of the following circumstances? a. intensity b. duration c. certainty d. all of the these
D: all of these
T/F: Retribution is the prevention of criminal acts by the use or threat of punishment.
False; deterrence
Modern criminology is the product of which two main schools of thought?
Classical & positivist
Rational choice theory is most closely linked to the ______ school.
Classical
______ specifically refers to the concept that people have the capacity to make choices, and the moral responsibility to make moral choices regardless of any constraints that might exist.
Human agency
T/F: The idea that the punishment should be tailored to the risk level of the individual, not the crime, is most representative of the classical school of criminology.
False; Italian school
Cesare Lombroso, Raffael Garofalo, and Enrico Ferri founded what became known as the ______ school of criminology.
Italian
Criminologist Raffael Garofalo categorized alcoholics and the insane as ______ criminals.
Impulsive
T/F: According to Raffael Garofalo, societies can only be protected from extreme criminals by swiftly executing them, regardless of the crime for which they were being punished.
True
Rather than exploring why individuals commit crime, ______ criminologists are interested in where and when criminal behavior is most prevalent.
Cartographic
______ was the term used by Lombroso to refer to those whom he considered to be evolutionary throwbacks, biological inferior beings who resembled ancestral prehuman forms of life.
Atavism
Which theoretical perspective is based on the premise that human behavior is primarily hedonistic in nature?
Classicalism
T/F: Positivists place emphasis on the scientific method.
True
______ specifically refers to the weighing of anticipated benefits of a given course of action against its possible costs.
Hendonistic calculus
The philosopher the most closely associated with the principle of utility was:
Jeremy Bentham
T/F: Hendonism refers to the achievement of pleasure at the main goal in life.
True
The principle of utility emphasizes:
"the greatest happiness for the greatest number"
Who is the father of classical criminology?
Jeremy Bentham
NIBRS collects crime data from which two categories?
Group A & Group B offenses
The UCR data tends to ______ the actual number of criminal events while NCVS data tends to ______ the actual number of criminal events.
Under-report; over-report
The UCR is compiled by:
FBI
What term is commonly used to refer to the number of crimes that are committed, but which never come to light?
The dark figure of crime
Which agency collects and distributes statistics on specific fugitive individuals wanted for particularly serious crimes, including the publication of a list of the 10 most wanted?
FBI
T/F: One weakness of the NIBRS is that it is mandatory in all police stations across the U.S., which skews data results.
False; NOT mandatory; on a voluntary basis
T/F: A primary weakness of the NCVS is that it does not provide any statistics on victimless crimes
True
Describe what the hierarchy rule is & which database it pertains to.
Only reporting the most serious offense committed in a given incident; used in the UCR
The hierarchy rule applies to which source?
UCR
T/F: The first step to understanding, predicting, and controlling any social problem begins with determining the extent of that problem.
True
Index crimes are a part of which database? Which "part" does index refer to?
UCR; Part I offenses
The official source of crime data that includes detailed information on the circumstances surrounding a criminal incident, including victim and offender characteristics is known as:
NIBRS
T/F: The number of crimes that are reported to the police reflects more crimes than are actually committed.
False; more crimes are committed than are reported = dark figure of crime/unreported crimes
T/F: The crime ratio is the actual number of reported crimes standardized by some unit of the population.
False; the crime rate, not ratio
The primary source of official crime statistics in the United States is the annual ______ published by the FBI.
UCR (Uniform Crime Reports)
The first step in detecting causes of crime is:
Discovering correlates
Cesare Lombroso’s concept of the born criminal is also known as his theory of ______.
Atavism
_____ is an intentional act in violation of the criminal law committed without defense or excuse and penalized by the state.
Crime
_____ criminologists tend to believe that the only real cause of crime is capitalism.
Marxist
The belief that science can provide answers for everything is most characteristic of the ______ school of thought.
Positivist
T/F: When two factors correlate, it means that the two factors vary together.
True
Lombroso’s theory of the born criminal was aligned with which school of thought?
Positivist
The ______ school of thought emphasizes human rationality and free will in its explanations of criminal behavior.
Classical
Define "ideology"
A way of looking at the world; a general emotional picture of how things should be
A _____ connects propositions and explains how phenomena are related.
Theory
When criminologists study ______, they study individuals who commit harmful acts, regardless of the legal status of those acts.
Criminality
Crimes that are time and culture bound are: (Latin term)
Mala prohibita
Universally condemned crimes are known as: (Latin term)
Mala en se
What is the definition of "mala en se"?
Evil unto itself
T/F: Criminologists use the technique of natural science in order to try to answer questions they ask rather than relying on speculation.
False - they use the scientific method, not the technique of natural science
______ is an interdisciplinary science that gathers & analyzes data on crime & criminal behavior
Criminology


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