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demonstrated the strength of the government to enforce laws
Whiskey Rebellion
this was the foundational economic base supported by the Democratic Republicans
Agrarian economy
this was the foundational economic base supported by the Federalists
Industrial economy
high tax on imported goods - protects domestic industries by increasing the price of foreign made goods
protective tariff
Cause of the first two political parties
Hamilton's economic plan - Jefferson's opposition to the plan
Hamilton's 3 part economic plan
establishment of public credit, a national bank, & assumption of state debts by the federal government
supported state governments, opposed protective tariffs and whiskey tax, had a strict interpretation of the Constitution
Democratic Republicans
another name for the necessary & proper clause - used by Hamilton to justify the creation of the first National Bank
Elastic Clause
supported a strong central government, protective tariffs, a loose interpretation of the Constitution, & the whiskey tax
Federalists (political party)
first president of the United States - no political party affiliation
George Washington
Vice-President under Washington - member of the Federalist party
John Adams
Secretary of the Treasury under Washington, leader of the Federalist Party
Alexander Hamilton
Secretary of State under Washington - leader in the Democratic Republican Party
Thomas Jefferson
The clause in the Constitution (Article I, Section 8, Clause 1) that gives Congress the power to regulate all business activities that cross state lines or affect more than one state or other nations.
Commerce Clause
Clause of the Constitution (Article I, Section 8, Clause 3) setting forth the implied powers of Congress. It states that Congress, in addition to its express powers, has the right to make all laws necessary and proper to carry out all power
Necessary and Proper Clause
Article VI of the Constitution, which makes the Constitution, national laws, and treaties supreme over state laws when the national government is acting within its constitutional limits.
Supremacy Clause
Rule by the people
popular sovereignty
A philosophy of limited government with elected representatives serving at the will of the people. The government is based on consent of the governed.
Republicanism
A political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them
Democracy
demanded by the antifederalists to ensure the protection of individual rights before they would agree to ratify
Bill of Rights
opposed ratification of the Constitution, supported amending the Articles of Confederation, strong state governments, and feared the elite, believed in the "common people" to rule
antifederalists (ratification of the Constitution)
supported ratification of the Constitution, a strong central government, longer terms for elected officials and representative democracy
federalists (ratification of the Constitution)
Introduction to the Constitution
Preamble
electoral college, indirect election of senators, appointment of the federal judiciary
Buffers the "uncontrolled will of the people"
the decision at the Constitutional convention to count slaves as 3/5 of a person for the purpose of deciding the population and determining how many seats each state would have in Congress
3/5 Compromise
(Great Compromise) Called for a bicameral (two house) legislature.
Connecticut Compromise
A constitutional proposal that would have given each state one vote in a new congress - foundational plan for creation of the Senate
New Jersey Plan
"Large state" proposal for the new constitution, calling for proportional representation (based on population) in both houses of a bicameral Congress. - foundation for House of Representatives
Virginia Plan
Powers held jointly by the national and state governments.
concurrent powers
Powers given to the state government alone
reserved powers
Powers given to the national government alone
enumerated powers
A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power
Checks and Balances
Constitutional division of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, with the legislative branch making law, the executive applying and enforcing the law, and the judiciary interpreting the law
separation of powers
A system in which power is divided between the national and state governments
Federalism
The meeting of state delegates in 1787 in Philadelphia called to revise the Articles of Confederation. It instead designed a new plan of government, the US Constitution.
Constitutional Convention
demonstrated the weakness of the Articles of Confederation to provide for "domestic tranquility"
Shays' Rebellion
established an orderly way for new territories to become states (new states are equal to the original 13) & outlawed slavery in the territory
Northwest Ordinance
Success of the AoC
negotiated the Treaty of Paris , established a national domain
required to pass laws under the Articles of Confederation
9/13
required to amend the Articles of Confederation
13/13
Weak Central (unicameral) Congress, no president, no judiciary - states supreme
Structure of the Articles of Confederation
Officially brings independence to America & ends the American Revolutionary War
Treaty of Paris 1789
end of the American Revolutionary War - Cornwallis surrenders to Washington Oct 1777
Battle of Yorktown
Legacy of the DoI
northern states began the gradual emancipation of enslaved persons
Articles of Confederation - modeled after the Continental Congress - established based on the fear the colonists had about a monarchy which infringed on the rights of people
1st government of the United States
American victory over British troops in 1777 that was a turning point in the American Revolution.
Battle of Saratoga
The Right of the people to overthrow a government that acts against their common interests.
right of revolution
the power of a political unit to rule over its own affairs
sovereignty
The idea that government derives its authority by sanction of the people.
consent of the governed
Writer(s) of the Declaration of Independence
Thomas Jefferson (& the Committee of 5)
life, liberty, & the pursuit of happiness
Natural Rights according to Jefferson
Signed in 1776 by US revolutionaries; it declared the United States as a free nation - outlined the grievances the colonies had with the King
Declaration of Independence
Declaration of Independence was signed
July 4, 1776
On July 8, 1775, the colonies made a final offer of peace to Britain, agreeing to be loyal to the British government if it addressed their grievances - ignored by the King
Olive Branch Petition
First major battle of the Revolutions. It showed that the Americans could hold their own, but the British were also not easy to defeat.
Battle of Bunker Hill
The first military engagement of the Revolutionary War. It occurred on April 19, 1775, - Ralph Waldo Emerson called it the "shot heard 'round the world"
Battle of Lexington & Concord
A meeting of delegations from many of the colonies, the congress was formed to protest the newly passed Stamp Act - led to boycotts & tarring & feathering of tax collectors
Stamp Act Congress
1765; law that taxed printed goods, including: playing cards, documents, newspapers, etc.
Stamp Act
British courts originally established to try cases involving smuggling or violations of the Navigation Acts which the British government sometimes used to try American criminals in the colonies. Trials in Admiralty Courts were heard by judg
admiralty courts
law passed by the British Parliament setting taxes on molasses and sugar imported by the colonies - established admiralty courts
sugar act
Law passed by parliament allowing the British East India Company to sell its low-cost tea directly to the colonies - undermining colonial tea merchants; led to the Boston Tea Party
tea act
A tax that the British Parliament passed in 1767 that was placed on leads, glass, paint and tea
townshend acts
1765 - Required the colonials to provide food, lodging, and supplies for the British troops in the colonies.
quartering act
This series of laws were very harsh laws that intended to make Massachusetts pay for its resistance. It also closed down the Boston Harbor until the Massachusetts colonists paid for the ruined tea. Also forced Bostonians to shelter soldiers
coercive acts
A pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that claimed the colonies had a right to be an independent nation
Common Sense
people create and run the government
self government
powers of government are limited by a document
limited government
right to fair and reasonable laws that are fairly enforced
Due Process
things people can do without restriction
Rights
established ideas of separation of powers, checks and balances
Montesquieu
social contract theory - people establish a social contract with their government
Hobbs
Natural rights - life, liberty, property
Locke
period in English history which led to salutary neglect of the Colonies (who then establish colonial assemblies)
Glorious Revolution
King William and Queen Mary accepted this document in 1689. It guaranteed certain rights to English citizens and established that Parliament was more powerful than the King
English Bill of Rights
no one is above the law
rule of law
established the rule of law, written by the nobility in 1215 to limit the power of the King and protect the rights of nobles
Magna Carta
this occurred after the French & Indian war with taxation of the colonists by Parliament
end of salutary neglect
what the colonists experienced after the French & Indian War
Taxation
A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.
Proclamation of 1763
Ended French and Indian War, France lost Canada, land east of the Mississippi, to British, New Orleans and west of Mississippi to Spain
Treaty of Paris 1763
(1754-1763) War fought in the colonies between the English and the French for possession of the Ohio Valley area. The English won.
French and Indian War


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