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Advanced Biology module 15
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What is the buffer system in the blood?
Proteins - amino acids, amino part is the base, acid part is the.....acid
What is the buffer system found inside the cells and the nephron tubules?
The phosphate buffer system - dihydrogen phosphate, H2PO4 and monohydrogen phosphate, HPO4
What buffer system is found in the interstitial fluid?
The bicarbonate system, - carbonic acid H2CO3, and bicarbonate HCO3+
Why are there two urethral sphincter muscles?
The internal sphincter is automatically opened (parasympathetic) when the bladder fills up. the external sphincter is voluntary.
What part of the nephron is not permeable to water?
The ascending loop of Henle
Why does water get passively reabsorbed in the descending loop of Henle?
Because of the high concentration of solutes (Na, saltiness) the solute concentration in the medulla is 4 times more than in normal interstitial fluid
What are the 4 steps of Urine formation?
1. filtration 2. reabsorption 3. secretion 4. reabsorption of water
Label f, g, h, i
f. renal column, g. cortex, h. medulla, i. minor calyx
Label a, b, c, d, e
a. renal capsule, b. renal pyramid, c. renal artery, d. renal vein, e. remal pelvis
Label f, g, h, i, j,
f. thick segment ascending loop of Henle g. proximal tubule h. distal tubule i. cortex j. medulla
Label a, b, c, d, e
a. renal corpuscle b. Bowman's capsule c. glomerulus d. descending loop of Henle e. loop of Henle
What are juxtaglomerular cells? Where are they found? What do they do?
They are cells in the afferent arteriole that detect low blood pressure or low Na.which causes them to release renin-angiotensin1-angiotensin II, thirsty, salt
What are the acid and base of the protein buffer system? Where is it found?
amino acids. amino is a weak base and the acid is ....acid. this buffering system is found in the blood plasma
What are the two parts of the Phosphate buffer system?Where is it found?
dihydrogen phosphate (H2PO4-)(weak acid) and monohydrogen phosphate (HPO42-)(weak base) It is found in the cells
What are the parts of the Bicarbonate buffer system? Where is it found?
Carbonic acid H2CO3 and the bicarbonate ion HCO3- it is found in the extra cellular fluid
What part of the nephron is affected by ADH?
Antidiuretic hormone controls the distal tubule's permeability to water.
This is a representation of the nephron and capillary. Which arrow shows secretion and which represents absorption?
A represents solutes traveling from the filtrate to the capillary:reabsorption B represents solutes traveling from the capillary to the nephron : secretion
What is renal blood flow rate?
The rate at which blood flows through the kidneys to be filtered. 1 liter/min
Why does the kidney tightly control the reabsorption of water?
The water balance in the body, for homeostasis is has a narrow range
What waste product get reabsorbed into the blood stream by passive reabsorption?
Urea and water. Urea, follows the water as it passively diffuses in the proximal tubule
What can cause the GFR to go down? Is this always a bad thing?
Blood loss or dehydration. short term it can help prevent further blood loss or dehydration.
What is happening in the "secretion" step of urine formation? What can get secreted?
Waste products are are sent from the capillaries to the nephrons. K+ and H+
Why is the T-max important?
It limits the reabsorption of substances, that the body only needs in limited amounts
Name 7 functions of the urinary system.
1.urine formation2.pH control3.blood pressure regulation 4. red blood cell formation5.vitamin D activation 6. transport of urine7.storage and release of urine
What organ sits on top of each kidney? (not part of the urinary system)
the adrenal gland
Why are the kidneys outside the peritoneal area and packed in fat?
We don't want them to move!
What structure in the urinary system contains stratified transitional epithelium and why
The bladder, because it needs to be able to stretch a lot
Starting with the kidneys, name the 4 parts of the urinary tract.
kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
What is erythropoiesis?
The production of red blood cells (erythro-red, poi - new)
What is filtrate in the urinary systerm>
Blood plasma minus the large proteins. The fluid that is filtered by the nephrons
What does retroperitoneal mean?
behind the parietal peritoneum.
What is the renal blood flow rate?
The rate at which blood flows through the kidneys (1 liter/min)
What are fenestrae?
large pores in the glomerular capillaries
What is the vasa recta?
A blood vessel in the medulla of the kidney, near the loop of henle
What is a buffer system?
A mixture of acids and bases that resist changes in the pH
What is a sphincter?
a ring of muscles surrounding and serving to guard or close an opening of a tube.
What is the Glomerular Filtration rate(GFR)?
The rate at which filtrate is produced in glomerular filtration. normal is 125ml/min
What is tubular maximum?
The maximum rate of reabsorption by active transport through the nephron tubules. (glucose and sodium)
What might cause urine to become more alkaline, and why?
vomiting, because you are losing acid, causing the kidney to secrete a lot of H+ ions back into the blood
What happens to the pH of blood in high altitudes and why?
It becomes alkaline. You breathe deeper to get more O2, and that causes you to get rid of more CO2
A sample of blood has a pH of 7.2, is it acidic, alkaline or normal?
acidic <7.35
What are the three processes for changing the pH of blood?
least effective but fast is the buffer system in the blood, ventilation depth and rate, most effective but slow is H+ secretion in the kidneys
What is the normal pH range for blood?
7.35-7.45


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