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The Biochemistry of Macromolecules and Nutrition
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What nutrients does this meal contain? Which nutrients are probably in excess?
Fast food does contain the carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins your body needs. However, this meal contains too much salt and sugar to be healthy.
What is this molecule? Is it healthy or unhealthy for you to eat?
This is cholesterol. Your body needs it to make cell membranes and other essential structures. It is only unhealthy in EXCESS amounts.
Which is better for your health? The steak or the vegetables?
Both are healthy to eat. However, it is the AMOUNT that you eat, which might make steak a bit less healthy due to the fat composition and content.
Much to my chagrin, my wife has made me cook with Olive Oil instead of butter. Why is this chemical a liquid at room temperature?
Olive oil is mostly unsaturated fatty acids. The double bonds create bent chains of carbons and hydrogens that cannot be packed into a solid.
This delicious food is solid at room temperature. Can you explain why.
Butter is mostly saturated fatty acids. These molecules form straight chains of carbons and hydrogens that can be packed together into a solid.
What is this chemical? What does you body use it for?
This is a saturated triglyceride. It is a lipid that can provide lots of energy, insulation, and structure.
In the picture and two different types of chemicals. Can you name and describe them?
The top chemical is a saturated fatty acid. The bottom chemical is an unsaturated fatty acid.
What is the difference between essential amino acids and nonessential amino acids?
Your body can synthesize (or construct) nonessential amino acids. Essential amino acids must be obtained from your food.
Can you describe four functions of proteins?
1) Enzymes that speed up chemical reactions 2) Antibodies for your immune system 3) Structure (muscles) 4) Transportation (hemoglobin)
In proteins, what is the difference between primary and secondary structure?
If you just chemically bond single amino acids together, you get primary structure. When hydrogen bonds are added, you get secondary structure.
A long chain of amino acids chemically bonded together is called a ____________.
polypeptide.
What is this chemical? What kind of polymer can be made with it?
This is the basic structure of an amino acid. Your body makes proteins from monomers known as amino acids.
In terms of their chemistry, what do potatoes and wood have in common? How are they different?
Both potatoes and wood are made of carbohydrates called polysaccharides. Potatoes are made of starch. Wood is made of cellulose.
This highly branched polysaccharide allows animals to store excess glucose in their liver. What is it?
Glycogen
Which chemical reaction is anabolic? Which one is catabolic? Explain.
When many glucose molecules are bonded together in the liver this the result of anabolism. When glycogen is broken down into glucose this is catabolism.
What is a polysaccharide?
A giant molecule, such as starch, or cellulose, made of hundreds, or thousands, or hundreds of thousands of monosaccharides such as glucose.
Is this an anabolic of catabolic chemical reaction?
A bigger molecule is being made from two smaller ones. This is anabolism (anabolic chemical reaction)
What is this molecule? Can you describe it with three different terms?
This is sucrose. It is a carbohydrate. It is a disaccharide. It is the product of a reaction that chemically bonds glucose and fructose together.
Are these two molecules considered to be isomers?
Yes. Glucose and Fructose have the exact same number of C,H and O atoms. They are just arranged differently to produce different shapes.
What is an isomer?
Isomers are compounds with the same chemical formula but a different arrangement of atoms in the molecule and different properties.
This chemical is a simple sugar which is an important energy source in living organisms and is a component of many carbohydrates. What is it?
Glucose
This carbohydrate is found in fruits. What is it?
Fructose
What are the elements that carbohydrates contain?
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen (Typically in a 1:2:1 ratio)
The small, repeating unit of a carbohydrate is called a ____________.
monosaccharide


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