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This molecule is responsible for the negative charge of the glomerular filtration basement membrane
heparan sulfate
Symptoms of nephrotic syndrome
3.5+ proteinurea (edema, infections), hyperlipidemia
FENa between 1-2% means
intrarenal azotemia
List 3 risk factors for acute tubular necrosis
Sepsis, ischemia, nephrotoxins, vacular disease
62 y/o M with palpable purpura, MPO-ANCA (+), and pauci-immune focal cresenctic leisions w/o granulomas
microscopic polyangitis
Peaked t-waves indicate (electrolyte finding)
hyperkalemia
Explain why thiazides can cause hypokalemia
Na+ retention at TAL will later be exchanged for K+ at collecting tubules
Why is lisinopril renoprotective?
IDK ask Collin... something to do with preserving the slit diaphragm protein nephrin??
List the 6 classes of lupus nephritis
Minimal mesangial, mesangial proliferative, focal, diffuse, membranous, advanced sclerosing
What molecules are struvite stones made from?
Magnesium, phosphate, ammonium
Name 4 types of stones
Calcium oxalate, uric acid, struvite, cystine
How is the kidney responsible for making vitamin D? (what specific part of the nephron?)
Mitochondria of the PCT cells produce α-1,25-(OH)2-D3
Outline SIRS criteria
HR > 90 bpm; T > 99°F; RR > 20 bpm; ↑WBC
This glomerular pathology presents with crescentic leisions. Name it and define as nephrotic/nephritis
Rapidly progressive glomerulonepritis (nephritic)
How to diagnose minimal change disease
treat with steroids if it works then it was MCD, if it doesn't it probs wasn't. Also EM but ain't nobody got time for that.
What is the uniferous tubule?
nephron + collecting duct
