Gene
Basic physical and functional unit of heredity.
Allele
One of a pair of genes that appear at a particular location on a chromosome and control the same characteristic.
Phenotype
An individual's observable traits, such as height, eye color, and blood type.
Genotype
Genetic makeup of a cell, an organism, or an individual that contributes to its trait or phenotype OR an entire set of genes
Homozygote
An organism that has homozygous alleles (two same alleles)
Heterozygote
An organism that has heterozygous alleles (two diff alleles)
Law of Segregation
Every diploid organism gives a randomly selected allele of a trait to its offspring, in which the offspring receives one allele from each parent.
Law of Independent Assortment
The alleles of two or more different genes get sorted into gametes independently, and each gene is not influenced by each other’s sorting.
Test-cross
Genetic cross between a homozygous recessive individual with an organism of unkown genotype.
Backcross
Mating between offsprings of genetically foreign parents with one of its parents or with an organism that is genetically similar to the parent.
Inbreeding
The mating of individuals/organisms that are closely related (same ancestor), and maintains uniform genotypes.
Outbreeding
The mating of unrelated organisms. Gametes of different genotypes were bring together, and the resulting individual differs from the parents.
Selective breeding
Choosing parents with particular characteristics to breed together and produce offspring with more desirable characteristics.
