Describe the 4 main functions of the URT
Humidification, Filtration, Warming, & Conduction of air
Alveolar ventilation depends on_____
Normal neural pathways + air filled, inflated alveoli
What does Q stand for if V = Ventilation in V/Q? (a part of normal respiratory functions)
Perfusion, blood supply to the alveoli
What is the red arrow indicating? What does this cell type do?
Pneumocyte type 2. Secrete surfactant to alleviate alveoli surface tension, and replace type 1 if damaged
Type 1 Pneumocytes are a major part of the perfusion barrier, forming the inner layer of the diffusion barrier. What would be in the outer layer this diffusion barrier where gas perfusion/exchange occurs?
Capillary lumen
In the image provided, which form of compensation would give this clinical sign?
Metabolic Acidosis
Describe the mucociliary escalator seen in ciliated epithelium.
Ciliated epithelium rhythmically beats upwards which helps catch particulates in the mucous surfactant and moves it towards the oropharynx for expulsion (cough)
Name 3 defences as part of the immune system in the respiratory tract
Phagocytes, Bronchus Associated lymphoid tissue, IgA (URT) and IgG (LRT)
Why is inspiration effort associated in URT pathologies and not expiratory effort?
Expiration is a passive process
A restrictive pulmonary disease is one which restricts lung inflation. Name 4 (both intrapulmonary and extrapulmonary)
Pneumonia, pulmonary oedema, Pneumothorax, Pleural effusion
Obstructive pulmonary diseases obstruct ventilation (inspiration) or elastic recoil. Name 4
BOAS, Tracheal collapse, Asthma, Bronchitis
What are some causes of Hydrostatic oedema? (Increased pulmonary venous pressure)
LSCHF, Hypervolemia, excessive fluid therapy
What is the main anatomical consequenceof oedema in regards to V/Q?
Increased diffusion barrier thickness
What is this?
pulmonary oedema
