decreasing the number of materials to be used, for exemple using alternative materials such as eco-bags instead of plastic cellophane to minimize wastes from plastics;
reducing
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to use again the materials for the same purpose such as using old but usable shoes
reusing
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producing new product out of discarded materials such as making decoration (vase, figurines) from used/scrap papers
recycling
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making the most out of the waste by regenerating energy such as using peelings of fruits and vegetables as plant fertilizers
recovering
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fixing broken things so that they can be used again such as sewing and mending old clothes