How is Metabolic Syndrome defined and how does it relate to Diabetes Mellitus Type II?
Met Synd: obesity, HTN, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, hypocholesteremia; Inc. risk of insulin resistance, lipotoxicity--> DM-II
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10
What are the signs, symptoms, and risk factors for acute pancreatitis?
N/V, tachycardia, fever, abdominal pain worse after eating, upper abdominal pain (radiates to back), ecchymosis; RF: alcohol, smoking, obesity, FHx
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10
Differentiate between acute pancreatitis, chronic pancreatitis, and exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI).
Pancreatitis: auto-digestion; Acute: enzymes prematurely activated/ Chronic: persistent inflammation; EPI: not making pancreatic enzymes (treat w/ pancrelipase)
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lifesaver
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10
Describe the role of the lower esophageal sphincter and list factors that affect its functioning.
control entry of bolus--> stomach & prevent gastric contents from entering esophagus; RF: truncal obesity, nicotine,
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10
Describe the relationship between gut flora and IBS, including how it relates to use of probiotics.
Dysbiosis (high ratio Firmicutes :Bacteroidetes, few Lactobacilli &Bifidobacteria-> activation gut immune system-->inflammation; attempt to restore symbiosis
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10
Compare normal movement of ions and nutrients across intestinal epithelium to that of secretory diarrhea.
Water is absorbed on osmotic gradient; water follows solute. Secretory diarrhea: solute (such as Cl-) secreted into lumen--> water follows--> diarrhea
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10
Describe how the effects of NSAIDs, alcohol, cigarette smoke, and stress lead to the development of gastritis.
Decrease mucosal lining in stomach--> cells exposed to acid--> cell damage--> inflammation
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10
Which hormones play important roles in maintenance of normoglycemia in FED and FASTING states?
Fed state-insulin= promoting glucose uptake by its target organs; Fasting-glucagon= mobilizes hepatic glucose
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10
Explain how motor and sensory abnormalities can provoke symptoms of IBS.
Visceral hypersensitivity (distention); Visceral mesenteric nerves respond to distention and serotonin&bradykinin; histamine activates pain fibers
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10
List recommended lifestyle approaches for people with IBS.